English grammar made easy 1

Used To vs Would – Past Habits in English Grammar

📘 Used To – Meaning & Usage

Used to అనేది గతంలో మనం తరచుగా చేసిన అలవాట్లు (past habits) లేదా గతంలో ఉన్న పరిస్థితులను (past situations) చెప్పడానికి ఉపయోగిస్తారు.

Structure:
Subject + used to + verb (base form)

Examples:

• I used to smoke.
• I used to play cricket.
• She used to live in Hyderabad.
• We used to watch movies every Sunday.

ఇక్కడ used to అనేది గతంలో జరిగిన కానీ ఇప్పుడు జరగని పనులను సూచిస్తుంది.

📗 Would – Past Habits

Would కూడా గతంలో మనం తరచుగా చేసిన అలవాట్లను చెప్పడానికి ఉపయోగిస్తారు.

Structure:
Subject + would + verb

Examples:

• When I was a child, I would play in the park.
• My grandfather would tell us stories.
• She would visit the temple every morning.

⚠️ గమనిక: Would ను సాధారణంగా past habit కోసం మాత్రమే ఉపయోగిస్తారు. కానీ Used to ను past habit మరియు past state రెండింటికీ ఉపయోగించవచ్చు.

📊 Used To vs Would – Difference

• Used to – Past habit + Past state
• Would – Only past habit
• Used to is more common in spoken English.
• Would is mostly used in storytelling.

Keywords: Used to grammar, Would past habits, English grammar rules, used to vs would examples

Used To vs Would in English Grammar – Meaning, Rules, and Examples

English grammar లో Used To మరియు Would అనే structures గతంలో జరిగిన అలవాట్లు (Past Habits) లేదా పునరావృతమయ్యే చర్యలను (Repeated Actions) చెప్పడానికి ఉపయోగిస్తారు. Spoken English మరియు written English రెండింటిలో కూడా ఇవి చాలా ముఖ్యమైనవి. మన జీవితంలో గతంలో తరచుగా జరిగే పనులు ఇప్పుడు జరగకపోవచ్చు. అలాంటి సందర్భాలలో Used To మరియు Would ఉపయోగిస్తాము.

What is “Used To”?

Used To అనేది గతంలో ఒక పని తరచుగా జరిగేది కానీ ఇప్పుడు జరగడం లేదు అని చెప్పడానికి ఉపయోగించే grammar structure. ఇది past habit లేదా past state గురించి చెప్పడానికి ఉపయోగపడుతుంది.

Structure:
Subject + Used To + Verb (base form)

Examples of Used To

• I used to play cricket when I was a child.
• She used to live in Hyderabad.
• We used to watch cartoons every Sunday.
• My grandfather used to tell us stories at night.
• They used to travel by train.
• He used to drink coffee every morning.
• We used to study together in school.
• I used to wake up early during my school days.
• She used to sing very well.
• We used to visit our village every summer.

What is “Would”?

Would కూడా past habits గురించి చెప్పడానికి ఉపయోగిస్తారు. ముఖ్యంగా గతంలో తరచుగా జరిగే చర్యలను చెప్పేటప్పుడు ఉపయోగిస్తారు. సాధారణంగా repetition words (every day, every week, often, regularly) తో వాడతారు.

Structure:
Subject + Would + Verb (base form)

Examples of Would

• When we were kids, we would play outside every evening.
• Every Sunday we would visit our grandparents.
• My teacher would tell interesting stories in class.
• During summer, we would go swimming.
• He would read books every night before sleeping.
• She would help her mother in the kitchen.
• We would watch movies together on weekends.
• My father would take us to the park.
• They would celebrate festivals with great joy.
• We would sit together and talk for hours.

Difference Between Used To and Would

Used To మరియు Would రెండూ past habits చెప్పడానికి ఉపయోగిస్తారు కానీ చిన్న తేడా ఉంటుంది.

• Used To past habits మరియు past states రెండింటికీ ఉపయోగిస్తారు.
• Would సాధారణంగా repeated actions కి మాత్రమే ఉపయోగిస్తారు.
• Used To కొత్త సమాచారం చెప్పడానికి ఉపయోగిస్తారు.
• Would సాధారణంగా కథలు లేదా memories చెప్పేటప్పుడు ఉపయోగిస్తారు.

Comparison Examples

• I used to live in Delhi. (Past state)
• When I lived in Delhi, I would visit museums every week.
• We used to play cricket after school.
• After school we would play cricket in the playground.

Conclusion

English grammar లో Used To మరియు Would structures చాలా ముఖ్యమైనవి. ఇవి గతంలో జరిగే అలవాట్లు మరియు repeated actions చెప్పడానికి ఉపయోగపడతాయి. Spoken English నేర్చుకోవాలంటే ఈ structures ను practice చేయడం చాలా అవసరం. రోజువారీ సంభాషణలో examples ఉపయోగిస్తూ practice చేస్తే English speaking skills కూడా మెరుగవుతాయి.

బుద్ధుని బోధనలు

 బుద్ధుని బోధనలు

✨ పరిచయం

గౌతమ బుద్ధ బోధనలు మానవ జీవితాన్ని శాంతి, జ్ఞానం, ధర్మం వైపు నడిపించే మార్గదర్శకాలు. ఈ సారాంశం జీవన సత్యాన్ని అర్థం చేసుకోవడానికి సహాయపడుతుంది.

1. త్రిరత్నాలు

• బుద్ధుడు – జ్ఞానాన్ని పొందిన గురువు

• ధర్మం – బుద్ధుని బోధనలు

• సంఘం – సన్యాసుల సమాజం

👉 సత్య మార్గానికి మూడు ఆధారాలు

2. ఆర్య సత్యాలు

దుఃఖం – జీవితం దుఃఖంతో నిండి ఉంటుంది

దుఃఖ కారణం – ఆశలు, కోరికలు

దుఃఖ నివృత్తి – కోరికలను విడిచిపెట్టడం

మార్గం – అష్టాంగ మార్గం

👉 జీవన సత్యం తెలుసుకునే పునాది

3. పంచశీల సూత్రా

• హింస చేయకూడదు

• దొంగతనం చేయకూడదు

• అసత్యం మాట్లాడకూడదు

• దురాచారం చేయకూడదు

• మత్తు పదార్థాలు తీసుకోకూడదు

👉 నైతిక జీవనానికి నియమాలు

4. అష్టాంగ మార్గం

సమ్యక్ దృష్టి – సరైన అవగాహన

సమ్యక్ సంకల్పం – మంచి ఆలోచనలు

సమ్యక్ వాక్కు – నిజాయితీ మాట

సమ్యక్ కర్మ – మంచి పనులు

సమ్యక్ జీవనం – నైతిక జీవనం

సమ్యక్ ప్రయత్నం – శ్రమ

సమ్యక్ స్మృతి – జాగరూకత

సమ్యక్ సమాధి – ధ్యానం

👉 దుఃఖ విముక్తికి మార్గం

5. దశ పారమితలు

దానం • శీలం • క్షాంతి • వీర్యం • ధ్యానం • ప్రజ్ఞ •

సత్యం • సంకల్పం • మైత్రి • ఉపేక్ష

👉 ఆధ్యాత్మిక పురోగతి లక్షణాలు

🌼 ముగింపు

బుద్ధుని బోధనలు మన జీవితాన్ని శాంతి మరియు సత్యం వైపు నడిపిస్తాయి.

CH. RAMAMOHAN

B.A Graduate

Personal Details

Date of Birth: 22-03-1961

Residence: Guntur

Career

Joined: 10-03-1980

Role: Telephone Operator

Retirement

SDE (Sub Divisional Engineer)

BSNL - Retired

Indian History - Optionalof Part A - Preliminary Examination of Civil Services Exam

Indian History - Optionalof Part A - Preliminary Examination of Civil Services Exam
Back to Section III
Section-A
1. Prehistoric cultures in India
2. Indus Civilization. Origins. The Mature Phase: extent, society, economy and culture. Contacts with other cultures.Problems of decline.
3. Geographical distribution and characteristics of pastoral and farming communities outside the Indus region, from the neolithic to early iron phases.
4. Vedic society. The Vedic texts; changefrom Rigvedic to later Vedic phases. Religion; Upanishadic thought. Political and social organisation; evolutuion of monarchy and varna system.
5. State formation and urbanization, from the mahajanapadas to the Nandas. Jainism and Buddhism. Factors for the spread of Buddhism.
6. The Mauryan Empire. Chandragupta; Megasthenes. Asoka and his inscriptions; his dhamma, administration, culture and art. The Arthasastra.
7. Post-Mauryan India, BC 200- AD 300. Society: Evolution of jatis. The Satavahanas and state formation in Peninsula. Sangam texts and society. Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Parthians, Kushanas; Kanishka. Contacts with the outside world. Religion : Saivism, Bhagavatism, Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism; Jainism; Culture and art.
8. The Guptas and their successors (to c. 750 AD). Changes in political organisation of empire. Economy and society. Literature and science. Arts.
Section-B
9. Early Medieval India. Major dynasties; the Chola Empire. Agrarian and political structures. The Rajaputras. Extent of social mobility. Postition of women. The Arabs in Sind and the Ghaznavides.
10. Cultural trends, 750-1200, Religious conditions : importance of temples and monastic institutions; Sankaracharya; Islam; Sufism. Literature and Science. Alberuni’s "India". Art and architecture.
11-12. Thirteenth and fourteenth Centuries: Ghorian invasions causes and consequences. Delhi Sultanate under the "Slave" Rulers. Alauddin Khalji : Conquests; administrative, agrarian and economic measures. Muhammad Tughlug's innovations. Firuz Tughluq and the decline of the Delhi Sultanate. Growth of commerce and urbanization. Mystic movements in Hinduism and Islam. Literature. Architecture, Technological changes.
13. The fifteenth and early 16th Century : major Provinicial dynasties; Vijaya-nagara Empire. The Lodis, First phase of the Mughal Empire: Babur, Humayun. The Sur empire and administration. The Portuguese.
Montheistic movements: Kabir; Guru Nanak and Sikhism; Bhakti. Growth of regional literatures. Art and Culture.
14-15. The Mughal Empire , 1556-1707. Akbar: conquests, administrative measures, jagir and mansab systems; policy of sulh-i-kul. Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb : expansion in the Deccan; religious policies. Shivaji.
Culture: Persian and regional literatures. Religious thought: Abul Fazl; Maharashtra dharma. Painting. Architecture.
Economy: conditions of peasants and artisans, growth in trade; commerce with Europe. Social stratification and status of women.
16. Decline of Mughal Empire, 1707-61. Causes behind decline. Maratha power under the Peshwas. Regional states. The Afghans. Major elements of composite culture. Sawai Jai Singh, astronomer. Rise of Urdu language.
Section-C
17. British expansion : The Carnatic Wars, Conquest of Bengal. Mysore and its resitance to British expansion: The three Anglo-Maratha Wars. Early structure of British raj: Regulating and Pitt's India Acts.
18. Economic Impact of the British Raj : Drain of Wealth (Tribute); land revenue settlements (zamindari, ryotwari, mahalwari); Deindustrialisation; Railways and commercialisation of agriculture; Growth of landless labour.
19. Cultural encounter and social changes: Introduction of western education and modern ideas. Indian Renaissance, social and religious reform movements; growth of Indian middle class; The press and its impact: rise of modern literature in Indian languages. Social reforms measures before 1857.
20. Resistance to British rule : Early uprisings; The 1857 Revolt- causes, nature, course and consequences.
21. Indian Freedom struggle-the first phase: Growth of national consciousness; Formation of Associations; Establishment of the Indian National Congress and its Moderate phase;- Economic Nationalism; Swadeshi Movement; The growth of "Extremism" and the 1907 split in Congress; The Act of 1909 - the policy of Divide and Rule; Congress-League Pact of 1916.
22. Gandhi and his thought; Gandhian techniques of mass mobilisation- Khilafat and Non Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience and Quit India Movement; Other strands in the National Movement-Revolutionaries, the Left, Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army.
23. Separatist Trends in Indian nationalist politics- the Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha; The post -1945 developments; Partition and Independence.
24. India independent to 1964. A parliamentary, secular, democratic (republic the 1950 Constitution). Jawaharlal Nehru's vision of a developed, socialist society. Planning and state-controlled industrialization. Agrarian reforms. Foreign policy of Non-alignment. Border conflict with China and Chinese aggression.

51 to 165 history

51. Which of the following is not correct about sabha and samithi in the Vedic age? women continued to take part in the assemblies during later Vedic period

52. Which of the following is false? royal coronation Ashvamedha

53. With regard to the position of women during the Vedic age, which one of the following statements is not true? the practice of sati was unknown during the later Vedic period

54. In the Vedic age - widow could remarry

55. Which of the following factors was not responsible for encouraging the practice of caste system during the later Vedic period? social inequalities

56. The Painted Grey Ware (PGW) belong to the Vedic age

57. Which of the following statements is false? Hiranyagarbha - a title given to varuna

58. Identify the metal which was not mentioned in the Rig-Veda Lead

59. Match the following

A. kshattri 1.Chamberlain

B. Bhagdugha 2.Collector of Taxes

C. samgrahitri 3.Treasurer

D. senani 4. Provincial governor

E. sthapati 5. Commander-in-Chief

A-1, B-2, C-3, D-5, E-4

60. Match the following.

A. Rigveda 1.Aitareya Brahmana

B. Samaveda 2. Jaminiya Brahmana

C. Yajurveda 3. Gopatha Brahmana

D. Atharvaveda 4. Taittiriya Brahmana

A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3

61. Match the following

A. Patanjali 1. Niyaya Philosophy

B. Gautama 2. Sankhya Philosophy

C. Kapila 3. Yoga Philosophy

D. Kanda 4. Uttara Mimamsa Philosophy

E. Vyasa 5. Vaisheshika Philosophy

A-3, B-1, C-2, D-5, E-4

62. Which of the following kingdoms is not mentioned in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata? - kausambi

63. Which of the following is/are matched correctly?

I. Samaveda – melody

II. Atharvaveda – mainly magic spells

III. Aranyakas – forest books

IV. Srauta Sutra – ceremonies of domestic life

1, 2, 3

64. Which of the following are manuals of instruction in the form of brief rules?

Sutras

65. Which of the following is/are associated with Dharma sutras?

1. Gautama 2. Apasthamba 3.Vasishtha 4. Baudhyana

66. Which of the following wrote the Smritis pertaining to the Dharmasashtra?

Yajnavalkya

67. Which of the Vedangas gave rise to Dharmasutra?

Kalpa

68. Who does the ‘Gayatri mantra’ in the Rigveda address?

Savitri

69. The mediator between man and gods according to the Vedic people was Agni

70. Which of the following is/are correctly matched?

1. Mitra – Sun’s beneficent energy

2. Parjanya – god of cloud and rain

3. Maruts – storm gods

4. Varuna – sky and water

71. Which of the following changes took place in the later Vedic period vis-à-vis the Rig Vedic period?

The king’s rule became territorial.

Tribe pastoralists became peasants

72. What was the nishka? –A gold coin

73. Why was a guest in the Vedic period known as goghna?

He was fed on cattle

74. the battle which is the story of Mahabharata most probably took place around 1000 BC

75. The Bhagavad-Gita and Santiparva are part of the Mahabharata

76. Iron came to be used by the Vedic people in around 1000BC

77. Which of the following gives the correct chronological order of the Vedas? R S Y A

78. The ashrama system gained importance in the post Vedic period of the Dharmasashtras. The four ashramas in right order are

Brahmachari, Grihastha, Vanaprastha, and Sanyasi.

79. The ‘Battle of Ten Kings’ was fought on the banks of Parushni

80. The learned lady who is said to have debated with famous law – giver Yajnavalkya was Gargi

81. Which of the Vedas was divided into ‘White’ and ‘Black’ parts Yajurveda

82. Which of the following is not matched correctly? Ayuveda – Magic

83. What was the main cause for the rise of large states during and after the sixth century BC? wide spread use of iron in parts of and Bihar

84. The modern location of some old states are given below which is/are correctly matched?

1. Anga : Bhagalpur and Monghyr

2. Magadha : Patna and Gaya

3. Kosala : Avadh

4. Panchala : Badaun, Bareilly

5. Matsya : Allahabad

1,2,3,4

85. Which of the following old states and their capitals is/are correctly matched?

1. Anga : Champa

2. Vatsa : Saket

3. Panchala : Kanyakubha

4. Magadha : Girivraja

1, 4

86. Tradition has it that Ajatasatru was instigated to muder his father by Devadatta

87. the founder of the Nanda Dynasty was Mahapadma

88. Who is often described as the second ‘Parasurama’ or ‘the exterminator of the entire Kshatriya race’? Mahapadma

89. Which of the following caused the success of Magadha?

Magadha enjoyed an advantageous geographical position in the Iron Age, as

the most of the deposits were located there

II. The ruler of this state had very good weapons

III. No other power at that time had the courage to attack it

90. The first foreigner to invade India was Darius I

91. The founder of the Achaemenian dynasty was Cyrus

92. “Of all the nations that we have known, it is India which has the largest population”. Who said these lines? Herodotus

93. Which of the following was not a result of the Iranian contact? Indian grammar was influenced to a large extent

94. In which battle did Alexander defeat Porus? Hydaspes

95. On the banks of which river were Alexander and Porus involved in a grim battle? Jhelum

96. Alexander died at Babylon

97. Which of the following was not a result of Alexander’s invasion he made India a province of Greece

98. Which of the following factors was responsible le for the rise of different religious sects during the 6^th century BC?

The domineering attitude of the brahmanas towards the common people

Growth of untouchability and rigidity of the caste system

The indiscriminate killing of cattle was ruining the concept of new agriculture

99. the original names of the sect which later came to be know as ‘Jaina’ was Trithankaras

100. Which of the following statements are correct with regard to Mahavira’s?

views? Rituals had nothing to do with the purification of souls

119. Match the following events in the life of Buddha and the places

A. Birthplace 1.Kusinagar

B. Attained enlightenment at 2.Sarnath

C. Delivered first sermon at 3. Bodhgaya

D. Attained nirvana at 4. Pataliputra

A-4, B-3,C-2, D-1

120. Match the following

A. Birth place of Mahavira 1.Pava

B. Enlightenment of Mahavira 2.Jrimbhikagrama

C. Mahavira’s nirvana 3.Kundapura

D. Place of first Jain Council 4. Pataliputra

A-, B-,C-,D-.

121. Identify the wrong statement

Sthaviravada is an orthodox school of Jainism

122. Milinda – Panho explains the disputed points of Buddhism in the form of a dialogue between the Indo - Greek king Menander and the Buddhist priest,

Nagasena

123. Parsvantha’s teachings were enlarged by Mahavira with the principle of

Chastity

124. Which of the following is not a correct match?

(a) Lingayata : Bijjala

(b) Lokayata : Ajita Kesakambalin

(c) Ajivika : Gosala Maskariputra

(d) Shumyavada : Nagarjuna

125. Of the following which one is not Bodhisattva?

Avichi

126. Which of the following is/are associated with Nagarjuna?

Madhyamika school of Buddhism

Shunyavada – the world is a mere illusion

127. Jataka stories are included in the Nikaya – Khuddaka

128. Which of the following places is not connected with the important events in the Buddha’s life? – Pavapuri

129. Which of the following schools of philosophy was the main offshoot of Bhagavatism? – Isipatana

130. The practice of image worship began among the followers of Brahmanism with the emergence of - Bhagavatism

131. Which of the following ideas is not shared by Bhagavatism and Buddhism? Stress upon devotion or Bhakti

132. the earliest known Greek follower of Bhagavatism was – Heliodorus

133. Buddhist tradition considers Chandragupta to have belonged to a Moriya tribe of – kshatriyas

134. Which of the following Books describes the revolt of Chandragupta Maurya’s with the help of Kautilya against the Nanda king? Visakhadatta’s Mudrarakshasa

135. Which one of the following factors was not responsible for Chandragupta Maurya’s success against the Nanda kings? Military assistance provided by Greek rulers

136. Which of the following kings made a request to a foreign king for figs, wine and sophists to be sent to India? Bindusara

137. What does the word ‘Asoka’ literally means? – Bereft of sadness

138. In which of the following books does the statement “In the happiness of the subjects lay his happiness and in their troubles lay his troubles” appear? Arthashastra

139. What is the importance of the Kalinga war in Indian history? It brought about a marked change in the foreign policy of Asoka.

140. Which of the following statements are true with regard to the Arthashastra?

I. It is a treatise on kingship, statecraft and diplomacy.

II. It lays down several rules for the management of the king’s farms based on developed agricultural techniques like the use of manure

III. It suggested the appointment of a superintendent

141. Which one of the following is not a contribution of Asoka to Indian polity and culture? – Reform in criminal justice and revolutionary change in the social system

142. The inscriptions of Asoka are written in 1.Greek 2. Kharosthi 3. Aramic

143. ‘Dharma’ or ‘Law of Piety’ had the essence of all religions

144. The ‘Dhamma’ is a Prakrit word

145. Which of the following is not correct with regard to social life during the Mauryan period? – Slavery was not in vogue

146. Which of the following are true with regard to art and architecture during the Mauryan period?

Mauryan art was influenced by Persian and Greek art

The most striking feature with regard to the pillars was its polish

It was influenced by Buddhism to a great extent.

147. What was the most likely cause which led to the dismemberment of the Mauryan Empire? Successors of Asoka were weaklings

148. Which of the following regions was/were not in Asoka’s kingdom? – Tanjore

149. Match the following

A. Rajuka 1. Provincial revenue collector

B. Sthanik 2. Collector – general of revenue

C. Vrajabhumik 3. Gatekeeper

D. Pratihara 4. Public works

E. Samaharta 5.District officer

A-1, B-5, C-4, D-3, E-2.

150. Which of the following Asokan inscriptions mention the Kalinga war?

13th Rock Edict

151. Which of the following is false

Envoy to Bindusara’s court - Dionysios

152. With which one of the following did Asoka not maintain diplomatic relations

Antiochus I soter of Syria

153. The edicts of Asoka emphasis

Pronouncements of policy

154. The oldest surviving Indian written record of historical significance belongs to the time of – Asoka

155. The king of the mauryan times was called Dharmapravartaka by Kautilya

156. The mauryan punch – marked silver coins did not carry the symbol of - cow

157. Which of the following sites, where the Asokan pillars exits, has the bull capital? - Ramapurva

158. The term not mentioned in the Asokan inscriptions is Cheras

159. Which of the following is not one of the animals carved on the Sarnath pillar? Deer

160. Which of the following was not one of the main purposes for which money was used in the Mauryan times? Taxes

161. With which of the following castes do we associate the Shungas - Brahmanas

162. Pushyamitra sunga – was a persecutor of Buddhism according to the Divyavadana

163. With which of the following regions can the Satavahanas be identified? Andhra

164. Which of the following is true regarding the Satavahanas?

165. Which of the following inscriptions describes the achievements of Kharavela, king of Kalinga? Hathigumpha inscription

UPSC

UPSC
General Science.
Current events of national and international importanceHistory of India and
Indian National MovementIndian and
World GeographyIndian Polity and EconomyGeneral
Mental Ability

Scheme of CS (Preliminary) Examination

The Preliminary Examination consists of two papers of objective type (multiple-choice questions) carrying a maximum of 450 marks. The Question Papers (Test Booklets) are set in English & Hindi

Paper - I General Studies 150 Marks Paper - II One of the optional subjects to be selected from the prescribed optional subjects 300 Marks

FPRIVATE "TYPE=PICT;ALT=Get More Specialise Information on IAS Exams conducted by UPSC. Syllabus, Question Papers and more ..."

:: Preliminary Examination Syllabus :: Main Examination Syllabus:: Upsc Syllabus - Other SubjectsHistory Syllabus for Preliminary Examination Section-A

1. Prehistoric cultures in India

2. Indus Civilization. Origins. The Mature Phase: extent, society, economy and culture. Contacts with other cultures.Problems of decline.

3. Geographical distribution and characteristics of pastoral and farming communities outside the Indus region, from the neolithic to early iron phases.

4. Vedic society. The Vedic texts; changefrom Rigvedic to later Vedic phases. Religion; Upanishadic thought. Political and social organisation; evolutuion of monarchy and varna system.

5. State formation and urbanization, from the mahajanapadas to the Nandas. Jainism and Buddhism. Factors for the spread of Buddhism.

6. The Mauryan Empire. Chandragupta; Megasthenes. Asoka and his inscriptions; his dhamma, administration, culture and art. The Arthasastra.

7. Post-Mauryan India, BC 200- AD 300. Society: Evolution of jatis. The Satavahanas and state formation in Peninsula. Sangam texts and society. Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Parthians, Kushanas; Kanishka. Contacts with the outside world. Religion : Saivism, Bhagavatism, Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism; Jainism; Culture and art.

8. The Guptas and their successors (to c. 750 AD). Changes in political organisation of empire. Economy and society. Literature and science. Arts. Section-B

9. Early Medieval India. Major dynasties; the Chola Empire. Agrarian and political structures. The Rajaputras. Extent of social mobility. Postition of women. The Arabs in Sind and the Ghaznavides.

10. Cultural trends, 750-1200, Religious conditions : importance of temples and monastic institutions; Sankaracharya; Islam; Sufism. Literature and Science. Alberuni’s "India". Art and architecture.

11-12. Thirteenth and fourteenth Centuries: Ghorian invasions causes and consequences. Delhi Sultanate under the "Slave" Rulers. Alauddin Khalji : Conquests; administrative, agrarian and economic measures. Muhammad Tughlug's innovations. Firuz Tughluq and the decline of the Delhi Sultanate. Growth of commerce and urbanization. Mystic movements in Hinduism and Islam. Literature. Architecture, Technological changes.

13. The fifteenth and early 16th Century : major Provinicial dynasties; Vijaya-nagara Empire. The Lodis, First phase of the Mughal Empire: Babur, Humayun. The Sur empire and administration. The Portuguese. Montheistic movements: Kabir; Guru Nanak and Sikhism; Bhakti. Growth of regional literatures. Art and Culture.

14-15. The Mughal Empire , 1556-1707. Akbar: conquests, administrative measures, jagir and mansab systems; policy of sulh-i-kul. Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb : expansion in the Deccan; religious policies. Shivaji. Culture: Persian and regional literatures. Religious thought: Abul Fazl; Maharashtra dharma. Painting. Architecture. Economy: conditions of peasants and artisans, growth in trade; commerce with Europe. Social stratification and status of women.

16. Decline of Mughal Empire, 1707-61. Causes behind decline. Maratha power under the Peshwas. Regional states. The Afghans. Major elements of composite culture. Sawai Jai Singh, astronomer. Rise of Urdu language. Section-C

17. British expansion : The Carnatic Wars, Conquest of Bengal. Mysore and its resitance to British expansion: The three Anglo-Maratha Wars. Early structure of British raj: Regulating and Pitt's India Acts.

18. Economic Impact of the British Raj : Drain of Wealth (Tribute); land revenue settlements (zamindari, ryotwari, mahalwari); Deindustrialisation; Railways and commercialisation of agriculture; Growth of landless labour.

19. Cultural encounter and social changes: Introduction of western education and modern ideas. Indian Renaissance, social and religious reform movements; growth of Indian middle class; The press and its impact: rise of modern literature in Indian languages. Social reforms measures before 1857.

20. Resistance to British rule : Early uprisings; The 1857 Revolt- causes, nature, course and consequences. 21. Indian Freedom struggle-the first phase: Growth of national consciousness; Formation of Associations; Establishment of the Indian National Congress and its Moderate phase;- Economic Nationalism; Swadeshi Movement; The growth of "Extremism" and the 1907 split in Congress; The Act of 1909 - the policy of Divide and Rule; Congress-League Pact of 1916.

22. Gandhi and his thought; Gandhian techniques of mass mobilisation- Khilafat and Non Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience and Quit India Movement; Other strands in the National Movement-Revolutionaries, the Left, Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army.

23. Separatist Trends in Indian nationalist politics- the Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha; The post -1945 developments; Partition and Independence.

24. India independent to 1964. A parliamentary, secular, democratic (republic the 1950 Constitution). Jawaharlal Nehru's vision of a developed, socialist society. Planning and state-controlled industrialization. Agrarian reforms. Foreign policy of Non-alignment. Border conflict with China and Chinese aggression.

History Syllabus for Main Examination Paper-ISection-A

1. Sources and approaches to study of early Indian history.

2. Early pastoral and agricultural communities. The archaeological evidence.

3. The Indus Civilization: its origins, nature and decline.

4. Patterns of settlement, economy, social organization and religion in India (c. 2000 to 500 B.C.) : archaeological perspectives.

5. Evolution of north Indian society and culture: evidence of Vedic texts (Samhitas to Sutras).

6. Teachings of Mahavira and Buddha. Contemporary society. Early phase of state formation and urbanization.

7. Rise of Magadha; the Mauryan empire. Ashoka's inscriptions; his dhamma. Nature of the Mauryan state.

8-9 Post-Mauryan period in northern and peninsular India: Political and administrative history,. Society, economy, culture and religion. Tamilaham and its society: the Sangam texts.

10-11 India in the Gupta and post-Gupta period (to c. 750) : Political histroy of northern and peninsular India; Samanta system and changes in political structure; economy; social structure; culture; religion.

12. Themes in early Indian cultural history: languages and texts; major stages in the evolution of art and architecture; major philosphical thinkers and schools; ideas in science and mathematics. Section-B

13. India, 750-1200 : Polity, society and economy. Major dynasties and political structurs in North India. Agrarian structures. " Indian feudalism". Rise of Rajputs. The Imperial Cholas and their contemporaries in Peninsular India. Villagle communities in the South. Conditions fof women. Commerce mercantile groups and guilds; towns. Problem of coinage. Arab conquest of Sind; the Ghaznavide empire.

14. India, 750-1200: Culture, Literature, Kalhana, historian. Styles of temple architecture; sculpture. Religious thought and institutions: Sankaracharya's vedanta. Ramanuja. Growth of Bhakti, Islam and its arrival in India. Sufism. Indian science. Alberuni and his study of Indian science and civilization.

15. The 13th Century. The Ghorian invasions. Factors behind Ghorian success. Economic, social and cultural consequences. Foundation of Delhi Sultanate. The "slave" Dynasty. IItutmish; Balban. "The Khalji Revolution". Early Sultanate architecture.

16. The 14th Century. Alauddin Khalji's conquests, agrarian and economic measures. Muhammad Tughluq's major "projects". Firuz Tughluq's concessions and public works. Decline of the Sultante. Foreing contacts: Ibn Battuta.

17. Economy societyand culture in the 13th and 14th centureis. Caste and slavery under sultanate. Tehnological changes. Sultanate architecture. [persian literature: Amir Khusrau, Historiography; Ziya Barani. Evolution of a composite culture. Sufism in North India. Lingayats. Bhakti schools in the south. 18. The 15th and early16th Century (Political History). Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir (Zainul Abedin), Gujarat, Malwa, Bahmanids. The Vijayanagra Empire. Lodis. Mughal Empire, First phase : Babur, Humayun. The Sur Empire : Sher Shah's administration. The Portuguese colonial enterprise.

19. The 15th and early 16th Century (society, economy and culture). Regional cultures and literatures. provincial architectural styles. Society, culture, literature and the arts in Vijayanagara Empire. Monotheistic movements: Kabir and Guru Nank. Bhakti Movements: Chaitanya. Sufism in its pantheistic phase.

20. Akbar: His conquests and consolidation of empire. Establishment of jagir and mansab systems. His Rajput policy. Evolution of religious and social outlook. Theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy. Abul Fazl, thinker and historian. Court patronage of art and technology.

21. Mughal empire in the 17th Century. Major policies (administrative and religious) of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb. The Empire and the Zamindars. Nature of the Mughal state. Late 17th Century crisis: Revolts. The Ahom kingdom, Shivaji and the early maratha kingdom.

NEWS

🌍 NEWS: Global War Updates 2026

ప్రపంచంలో ప్రస్తుతం జరుగుతున్న యుద్ధ పరిణామాలు వేగంగా మారుతున్నాయి. ముఖ్యంగా మధ్యప్రాచ్యంలో పరిస్థితి ఉద్రిక్తంగా ఉంది.

⚔️ Current War Situation

• ఇరాన్, ఇజ్రాయెల్ మరియు అమెరికా మధ్య ఉద్రిక్త పరిస్థితి
• మిస్సైల్ మరియు డ్రోన్ దాడులు పెరుగుతున్నాయి
• గల్ఫ్ దేశాల్లో కూడా ప్రభావం

💣 Latest Attacks

• ఆయిల్ మరియు గ్యాస్ ఫెసిలిటీలపై దాడులు
• ప్రముఖ నగరాల్లో పేలుళ్లు
• రక్షణ చర్యలు పెంపు

🧑‍✈️ Military Actions

• అమెరికా భారీ సైనిక చర్యలకు సిద్ధం
• ఇజ్రాయెల్ కీలక లక్ష్యాలపై దాడులు
• లెబనాన్, ఇరాక్ ప్రాంతాల్లో ఉద్రిక్తత

⚠️ Human Impact

• వేల మంది మృతి
• లక్షల మంది నిరాశ్రయులు
• సివిలియన్లు తీవ్రంగా ప్రభావితం

⛽ Global Effects

• ఆయిల్ ధరలు భారీగా పెరుగుతున్నాయి
• ప్రపంచ ఆర్థిక వ్యవస్థపై ప్రభావం
• ట్రేడ్ మార్గాల్లో అంతరాయం

Keywords: War News 2026, Middle East Conflict, Iran Israel War, Breaking News, Global Crisis